Hello there,
Being very closely intertwined with the English language, I thought this
to be a really interesting piece that I could share with you. Today we’re going
to tackle an interesting question: When we talk about “Proper English,” what
exactly do we mean? Do we mean the English that you can take home to your
grandmother? Do we mean the English that will impress your boss? Or do we mean
the English that everyone will understand?
Most of the time, we mean all these things. When we go looking for
grammar guidance, we’re hoping to refine our tone, our sophistication, and our
clarity. We want, at the end of the day, to be better writers.
But if we mean those things, then what we should really say is “Standard
English”—although it would probably be even more accurate to say, “The English
That a Very Few People Agreed Upon About 600 Years Ago and That We’re Now
Mostly Stuck With.”
Because when we use the phrase “proper English,” we’re playing into a
whole mess of stereotypes and misconceptions about language. All it takes is a
quick look at the history of Standard English to see why this might be true.
Setting the Stage: The History of
English
I like to think of a standard variety of language as the lingua franca for speakers of a single
language. A speaker from West Texas, for instance, might have trouble
understanding a speaker from South Boston, but neither one of them has any
trouble watching the national news, which is conducted in Standard English—the
type of English that just about everyone will understand wherever it’s spoken.
English first flirted with written standardisation back in the ninth
century, when Alfred the Great noticed that everyone’s Latin wasn’t what it
used to be (is it ever?) and requested Anglo-Saxon translations of “those books
that are most necessary for all men to know.”
When William the Conqueror showed up in 1066, however, he brought with
him a slew of scribes and courtiers whose languages of choice were Latin and
Norman French, and English was more or less exiled to the monasteries for the
next few centuries.
Still, English never ceased to be a widely spoken language. So when
England ultimately distanced itself from France, English was right there
waiting, ready to reassert itself into official business and the written
record.
It happened slowly at first, but by the time of Henry V, English had
displaced French as a language of government almost entirely.
Soon the use of written English was spreading rapidly, from guild
masters to merchants to churchmen, many of whom must have been wildly relieved
to be able to conduct business in a version of their native language.
As English began to be used for increasingly important purposes, it
became increasingly important to use a form of English that everyone could
understand—and that everyone would respect.
The Rules of the Game
At first standards were largely—though not exclusively—determined by the
language of the royal clerks. The rise of the printing press also played a key
role in standardising language, particularly with regard to spelling. For
instance, we have foreign compositors and typefaces to thank for the use of “gh”
instead of “g” in certain words (such as “ghost”).
Soon enough, though, the subject of language standardisation was taken
up by dictionary writers, grammarians, and even general linguistic busybodies.
The Influence of Scholars
It’s much
more accurate to refer to what many think of as proper English with the term
language scholars use: “Standard English.”
Many of the early English dictionaries and grammars ostensibly sought to
describe prevailing usage—they were not meant to be prescriptive. But, of
course, the selection of any one variety as a representative form is, in and of
itself, a kind of prescription.
These early and influential dictionaries and grammars relied on a
variety of criteria to determine their recommended words and rules. In his
landmark, Dictionary of the English Language, Samuel Johnson—a man who famously
remarked that “the chief glory of a nation arises from its authors”—leaned
heavily on citations from widely respected authors, a trend that continues to
this day.
Grammarians had their own guiding principles, often calling on logic
(decrying double negatives and superlatives) or etymology (railing against the
substitution of “nauseous” for “nauseated”).
Others rationales were more subjective. Some writers, for instance,
believed that it was better to use one-syllable words whenever possible because
they were closer to the language of Adam and Eve. And then there were those who
felt so strongly about the linguistic virtues of Latin and Greek that they could
come to believe, as John Dryden famously did, that a preposition at the end of
a sentence is something to be strenuously avoided. (Read the article
about ending a sentence with a preposition.)
No matter how persuasive the scholarship, the facts remain the same: the
variety that would become Standard English was based on the varieties of the
political, economic, and intellectual elite—not because they were necessarily
better, but because they were the ones who got to decide.
The Authority of Salesmen
This is when things start to get a bit tricky.
The literary market in the 17th and 18th centuries was not so different
from our own. There wasn’t much demand for linguistic observation—what readers
wanted was linguistic guidance. And again and again, scholars and linguists
from Johnson to Webster to Henry Higgins did their best to fill this need. Even
Robert Cawdrey’s 1604 Table Alphabeticall, the earliest English dictionary,
makes explicit on its title page that it has been “gathered for the benefit
& helpe of Ladies, Gentlewomen, or any other unskilfull persons. Whereby
they may the more easilie and better understand many hard English words.”
But as social mobility increased, the standards of the written language
exerted more and more influence on the spoken language, which was looked to as
a measure of refinement and “politeness.” Soon the demand for linguistic
instruction outstripped the scholarly supply, and readers began to snap up
handbooks and how-tos whose advice was justified not by years of study—or any
study at all, for that matter—but rather by the ruthlessly efficient principle
of “you should.”
Or, more accurately, “you shouldn’t.”
So it was that non-standard language became a nuisance to be dealt with
(like troublesome household vermin, as in the 1878 volume Enquire Within upon
Everything) or a bad habit to be frowned upon (like breathing through your
mouth, as in 1888’s Don’t: A Little Book dealing Frankly with Mistakes &
Improprieties more or less Common to All).
And when you teach that there is only one way to be right, it’s only
natural to conclude that every other way is wrong.
The Slippery Slope
As long as we’ve had language varieties, we’ve also had stereotypes
about the people who speak those varieties. But the implementation of the
standard form of a language—couched as it so often is in terms of elegance,
propriety, and correctness—can take an otherwise unassuming us/them split and
institutionally marry it to a set of pernicious value judgments: what is
“right,” what is “educated,” what is “civilized,” what is “good.”
Linguists and philosophers, and just about anyone who has ever stopped
to think about it, have been doing battle with perceptions like these for
centuries—just as they have been doing battle with similarly ingrained stereotypes
relating to race, ethnicity, class, and gender. And they’re having about as
much luck with the former as they are with the latter. Today conspicuously
non-standard varieties of English—particularly those spoken in the South and by
African-Americans—are still routinely characterised as “defective,” “lazy,” and
flat-out “wrong.”
But the truth is this: Every variety of English is equally regularised
and expressive—just as every language is equally expressive. They all have
their own internal rules and grammar. Despite what the usage mavens of
yesteryear might have us believe, proficiency with Standard English has nothing
to do with innate linguistic superiority, or cognitive or moral superiority.
Though the language we use in any given situation is surely a product of
external circumstances, it is in no way a function of internal worth.
That doesn’t mean that we shouldn’t learn Standard English—quite the
contrary, given the importance placed upon its usage, it would be irresponsible
to suggest otherwise.
But surely there’s room for one more standardisation: That we all agree
to do away with the idea that there’s a single, objectively superior form we
call “proper” English. It’s much more accurate to refer to what many think of
as proper English with the term language scholars use: “Standard English.”
So, guys, I hope you found this piece of script informative. I know I
did.
Till we speak again...cheers!!!
-S
